遺伝資源の学術利用からABS を考える─生物多様性条約ABS 初級者ガイド─
Academic Use of Genetic Resources and Convention on Biological Diversity: A guide to ABS for beginners

長谷川 麻子
Asako Hasegawa

日本知財学会誌Vol.22 No.1 p.35-51 (2025-7-20)
Journal of Intellectual Property Association of Japan Vol.22 No.1 p.35-51 (2025-7-20)

＜要旨＞
本稿では，生物多様性条約の「遺伝資源のアクセスと利益配分（ABS）」をめぐる議論について，ABS 実施現場の実務者向けに，関連諸条約と国際環境法の文脈の2点に着目し，その経緯，COP16 が閉幕した2025 年2月現在の状況，背景をまとめる．COP16 に関しては，議論が本格化した「遺伝資源のデジタル配列情報（DSI）の利益配分」について，学術利用の観点から現状を報告する．また，生物多様性条約が取り組む「環境と経済の両立」という課題に対し，発展／成長／拡大から繁栄へと発想の転換を促し，経済界の関心も集める「ネイチャーポジティブ（自然再興）」の成立過程を振り返り，ABS 概念の理解のための参照項として提示する．今後の展望として，学術が国際条約交渉に提供できる視座や，多様なステークホルダーを議論に巻き込むための情報発信の重要性を論じる．
<Abstract>
This paper summarizes the history, the current situation as of February 2025, and the background of the discussions on “Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization （ABS）” of the Convention on Biological Diversity, focusing on two points : a） the relationship with related conventions and b） the context of international environmental law.　Regarding the ABS of “digital sequence information on genetic resources（DSI）,” which was one of the most controversial agenda items at the COP16 to the convention, the status is reported from the perspective of academic use.　To enhance one’s understanding of the ABS, the paper also reviews the process of establishing the “Nature Positive” concept that offers a new way of “balancing the environment and the economy” to redefine our future and requires a deep mind-shift to growth within limits, not growth without limits.　This will shed light on the origin of the ABS issue.　Looking ahead towards COP17 and beyond, the paper argues that adoption of more systematic and inclusive approaches to the issue may result in more balanced and rational decisions for the generations to come in biodiversity discussions.

＜キーワード＞
生物多様性条約, ABS（遺伝資源のアクセスと利益配分）, COP16, ネイチャーポジティブ, 科学コミュニケーション
<Keywords>
Convention on Biological Diversity, ABS, COP16, Nature Positive, Science Communication